‘Standard for Drinking Water Quality’(GB 5749－85） has been revised for the first time. This article introduces origination, principle, contents, characters, problems and suggestions etc. The number of items comes up to 106 after revision, in which about 80％ items are related to toxicology, moreover 28 items are added into appendix. This standard is in accordance with the situation of our country, which maintaining the progression and keeping pace with the levels of international standards.

Purified water for drinking is one of typical advanced treated drinking water. A series of experimental studies carried on by our team since 1998 showed that although drinking purified water was safer than tap water, filtered water and boiled tap water in terms of genotoxicity, it might decrease some mineral levels in organism and increase lipid levels if long time dinking, thereby threaten cardiovascular system.Meanwhile,if drinking eraly since in perinatal period, young children might displayed light hysteresis in nervous system. Our suggestion is that we should intensively enhance drinking water resourse protection in order to avoid the double losses in economic and human health owing to advanced treatment in drinking water.

This paper summarizes the pollutants in raw water and their removal techniques, the water treatment process puts emphases on full-process and multi-layer safety barrier techniques, including water resource protection and water body restoration, raw water safe transport, safe purification in waterworks, safe distribution in pipe etc. Drinking water safety can be ensured by adopting multi-layer safety barrier technique to meet stricter drinking water quality standards.

Drinking water disinfection wasan an important measure to improve the quality of drinking and protect public health against epidemics. During the disinfection process, a number of by-products were generated and some of them have adverse effectss on human health. This paper summarizes the research studies on disinfection by-products(DBPs), especially chlorination disinfection by-products (CDBPs), about their classes and distribution, factors influencing their generation, toxicity and adverse health effect as well as control methods for them, and finally presents suggestions for future research in drinking water and public health.

This paper reviews the current research status about emergent events of public health on drinking water safety. Countermeasures for safeguarding drinking water safety are also brought forward and discussed.

This article introduces the contamination status of organic pollutants in water environment of China, and also the character and polluted situation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyl, dioxin and phthalates. Additionally, some suggestions about further research on POPs have been proposed.

This paper presents properties of organochloride pesticides and status of its utilization in China. Monitoring criteria and standard methods of analysis about organochloride pesticides in China are summarized. Furthermore, the monitoring data of organochloride pesticides in water environment of China in recent two decades are analyzed, and then current research progress of organochloride pesticides is reviewed. Finally, some suggestions related to the existing problems in China are also provided.

This paper summarizes the current research status of heavy metals in water body of China. It is emphasized that heavy metals' appearance, migration and transfer regularity and toxicity studies are also expounded.

Increasingly frequent blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the occurrences of toxic strains in eutrophic fresh water have been a seriously environmental problem and received much concern in China. This paper describes recent research progress made on MC contamination investigations in aquatic environment of China and its toxicity studies on diverse organisms. Additionally humans epidemiological researches are also reviewed.

The abuses of antibiotics in medicine and livestock exposed to environmental bacteria lead to a large-scale dissemination of antibiotic-resistance bacteria in aquatic environment under selective pressure and the resistant organism could transfer resistance genes across the genus and species by plasmid and integron. Antibiotic resistance microbes are common in aquatic environment and the aquatic environment has become a major reservoir for antibiotic-resistant microbes. Infections caused by those resistant strains usually lead to a higher fatality rate than that observed with non-resistant one, especially among immunocompromised individual. This review describes recent research about current study of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the transfer of resistant gene and the hazardous to the human being.

Based on the change of the traditional opinion about controlling the water environment of river, the water quality contamination status of the secondary streams in the Three Gorges reservoir is analyzed. Combined with the new theories, ideas and technologies which dealing with the water pollution, countermeasures are brought forward for river pollution control and remediation in the secondary streams of the Three Gorges reservoir.

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) is a kind of organic pollutants widely distributed in water environment in China. PAEs have been paid more attention due to its teratogenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The biodegradations are considered to be the major route of degradation for these widespread pollutants in environment. This paper reviews the pollution status of PAEs in China and also the progress of biodegradations studies.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To analyze the exogenous expression and localization of hNRDRA2 in eukaryocyte and demonstrate the function of the predicted nuclear localization signal (NLS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: hNRDRA2 cDNA and NLS sequence were cloned into pEGFP-C1 to construct mammalian expression vectors pEGFP-C1-A2 and pEGFP-C1-NLS fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Then these constructed vectors were transiently transfected into SK-N-SH, KP-N-NS and COS-7 cells. The transfected cells were examined under fluorescent microscope. RESULTS: The recombinant plasmids were identified by sequencing. In the transfected cells, recombinant protein GFP-A2 was distributed throughout the cell, while GFP-NLS was detected mainly in the nucleus. CONCLUSION: The predicted NLS could import the fusion protein GFP into nucleus, but exogenous expressed hNRDRA2 was not localized in the nucleus.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To investigate the reversing effect of Chinese drug thallus laminariae PE on drug resistance B-MD-C1(ADR＋/＋)cell line, and to identify the mechanism of TLPE in reversing the multidrug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTT assay was used to determine the reversing effect of TLPE and reversal fold; cytoimmunochemistry and flow cytometry were used to assess the expression of P-gp in the level of protein. RT-PCR was used to detect the level of MDR1 gene treated by TLPE. RESULTS: TLPE had reversing effect on B-MD-C1(ADR＋/＋)in vitro and the reversal fold was 4.65. Cytoimmunochemistry showed that TLPE could decrease the expression of P-gp. Flow cytometry showed that TLPE could decrease the expression of P-gp with dose-dependence. RT-PCR suggested that TLPE could reduce the MDR1 gene of B-MD-C1(ADR＋/＋). CONCLUSION: TLPE could exert reversing effect in B-MD-C1(ADR＋/＋)by decreasing the expression of P-gp.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To investigate the changes of semicarbazide- sensitive amine oxidase(SSAO) activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 15 adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups with 5 rabbits in each, two model groups (A and B) and one negative control group.The rabbit pulmonary inflammation model was developed by inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg). Group A and the control were sacrificed after 48 hours, HE-stained sections of the lung were examined for histopathological changes.Group B was monitored by clinical features, WBC, and the fluctuation of plasma SSAO activity was measured and a comparison was made on the indexes before and after the treatment with LPS. RESULTS: Based on the number of WBC in peripheral blood and lung tissue HE stain after the treatment, LPS induced significant acute lung injury. The SSAO activity fluctuated and correlated with pathological change. After the treatment, the SSAO activity peaked at 16 hour and then decreased to the lowest level at 48 hour. The peak and trough activities were significant ly/different compared to 0 hour before treatment(P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: LPS administered through trachea cannula could reliably lead to acute lung injury and induce regular fluctuation of plasma SSAO activity.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To investigate the effects of NS-398 on the acetylation of histone H3 and P53 and the proliferation of HepG2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total protein was extracted from HepG2 cells treated with or without different concentrations of NS-398(0,100，200，300，400 μmol/L)for different times(0,12,24,36, 48 h).Western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of acetylated histone H3 and acetylated P53.MTT assay was performed to examine the growth inhibition effect of NS-398 on HepG2 cells. RESULTS: NS-398 could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner, with the IC50 at 24 h, 36 h and 48 h of 300 μmol/L,200 μmol/L and 150 μmol/L,respectively.The levels of histone H3 acetylation,P53 expression and P53 acetylation were significantly increased. CONCLUSION: NS-398 functioned as an adeacetylase inhibitor,which could increase the level of acetylated Histone H3，enhance the expression and activity of tumor suppressor P53，and inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: The sperm membrane protein Izumo was vital for sperm-egg fusion. The aim of this study was to express and purified recombinant mouse Izumo protein (mIzumo) and to assess the immunogenicity of the recombinant mIzumo and the effect of an antibody against recombinant mIzumo on mouse sperm-egg fusion in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The coding sequence of mIzumo was subcloned into pET28a(＋). The recombinant fusion protein, 6His-mIzumo, was expressed in E coli. BL21(DE3) strain and purified by Ni2＋ affinity chromatography. Mice of both sexes were immunized with purified 6His-mIzumo combined with Freund's adjuvant. Pre-immunized and post-immunized serum samples were tested for anti-6His-mIzumo activities by Western blot and ELISA. The effect of anti-6His-mIzumo antibodies on sperm-egg fusion was detected by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and sperm-egg fusion assay. RESULTS: The purified 6His-mIzumo appeared as a single ≈60 kD band on SDS-PAGE. Both immunized male and female mice developed serum antibodies, which, on Western blot, cross-reacted with a single ≈60 kD protein band corresponding to mIzumo in membrane protein extracts of mouse testis, epididymis and sperm. According to ELISA, the titre of anti-6His-mIzumo antibodies remained at the highest level for 6 weeks after final immunization. The ability of post-immunized sera treated sperm to fuse with zona-free oocytes was significantly inferior to that of the sperm treated with pre-immune sera (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The purified 6His-mIzumo could stimulate immune response in mice of both sexes and induce specific antibodies which could inhibit sperm-egg fusion in vitro. Therefore, as an allogeneic antigen, 6His-mIzumo could be as a candidate for development of immunocontraceptive vaccine.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: Dugesia japonica is sensitive to water pollution. The possibility of using Dugesia japonica as an indicator for assessing water pollution induced by used battery was explored in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Used-battery soakage liquids, named BX1，BX2，NF，JQ and SX, was prepared and each was diluted at five different concentrations (1,1/10,1/50,1/100,1/500). Dugesia japonica was bred in the used-battery soakage liquids and mineral water and the effects of these liquids on Dugesia japonica life and feeding were studied. RESULTS: All the used-battery soakage liquids had influences on Dugesia japonica life and feeding. When treated for 96 hours at 1/50 concentration, as compared to control group, there was no significant influence(P>0.05) for SX and there were significant influences for NF, BX1, BX2 and JQ(P<0.01).Their toxicity intensities were NF>BX1>BX2≈JQ>SX. For a definite battery soakage liquid, the higher its concentration，the stronger was its toxicity. When treated for 50 min at 1/50 concentration, all the five kinds of liquids had significant inhibition to Dugesia japonica feeding (P<0.01). Intensities were NF>JQ>BX2≈BX1>SX. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that using Dugesia japonica to monitor used-battery pollution of water would be suitable.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: We studied the expression and promoter methylation of CAGE gene in intracranial tumors in order to explore its potential use in tumor immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RT-PCR and methylation-specific PCR were performed to detect the expression of CAGE gene in 17 normal tissues, 32 glioma and 35 meningioma, as well as the pattern of methylation in the promoter region. RESULTS: The CAGE gene was expressed in none of the normal tissues except testis. It was expressed in 4 meningioma (11.3％) and 26 glioma (81.25％). We found PCR products with methylation-specific primers in all the CAGE-negative cases and the PCR products with non-methylation-specific primers in all the CAGE-positive cases. CONCLUSION: The methylation of CAGE gene was closely associated with its expression. CAGE could act as the tumor-specific antigen for glioma.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM： To investigate the expression of fragile histidine triad (FHIT) and p16 in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and their relationships with clinicopathological factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS： Eighty cases of NSCLCs were examined for expression of FHIT and p16 by immunohistochemical SP method. RESULTS： 54(67.5％) and 63(78.75％) of 80 patients revealed loss of or markedly reduced protein expression of FHIT and p16, respectively. Aberrant expression of FHIT was noted in most squamous (25 out of 55) and in a small fraction of adenocarcinomas (3 out of 23; P<0.01), and more frequently in male patients than female patients. Notably, loss of p16 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION： Our results suggested that abnormal expressions of FHIT and p16 gene might occur early and play important roles in lung tumorigenesis and correlate with its prognosis. However, further studies are needed to confirm the influence of FHIT and p16 in the biologic behavior of the tumor.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To study the inhibitory effects of Vitamin C on lymphocyte DNA damage induced by organic extracts from water. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Solid phase extraction was used to extract the organic pollutants in tap water and the lymphocyte DNA damage in mice treated with Vitamin C (50，100，200 mg/kg) and organic extracts of water in several different ways (simultaneous treatment with Vitamin C and organic extracts of water, pre-treatment and post-treatment with Vitamin C)was studied. After 3d of gastric gavages, peripheral blood was taken from experimental mice to extract the lymphocytes. Then single cell gel electrophoresis test was used to detect the inhibition of DNA damage. RESULTS:Vit C (100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg) could inhibit the lymphocyte DNA damage in mice. Lymphocyte DNA in mice could be damaged by medium and intake high doses of organic extracts in water (about 16L and 80L water) , and the data of tail DNA, tail moment, olive moment and tail area were significantly higher than the control(P<0.05 or P<0.01). This lymphocyte DNA damage could be inhibited by Vit C to different degrees, and the data of tail DNA, tail moment, olive moment and tail area of Vit C(100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg) were higher than the control and statistically different (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The innate cell DNA damage could be inhibited by Vit C and Vit C could also inhibit the lymphocyte DNA damage in mice induced by organic extracts from water.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM ： To study the teratogenicity and mutagenicity of molybdenum in pregnancy rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS： 105 pregnant Wistar rats , 75 for teratogenicity test，30 for micronucleus test, were randomly divided into 5 groups. The rats in experimental groups were treated with 10,20 and 40 mg/kg molybdenum acid ammonium salts, in negative control group received normal saline and in positive group was given 20 mg/ kg cyclophosphamide . Teratogenicity test was scheduled at day 20 of the pregnancy，and micronucleus test at day 14. RESULTS： Compared with negative control group，the increased weight of the pregnant rats , the percentage of live fetuses, the embryonic body weight in 40 mg/kg and positive control groups were decreased(P<0.01) . The micronucleus rate of marrow cells in pregnant rats, the liver blood cells and peripheral blood cells in the fetus, the rate of skeletal and visceral deformities and in 40 mg/ kg and positive control groups were increased (P<0.01) . The embryonic body and tail length in 40 mg/kg and positive control groups were decreased (P<0.05). The rate of external deformity in 40 mg/kg and positive control groups were increased(P<0.05). Percentage of live fetuses in 20 mg/kg group was decreased (P<0.05) . The micronucleus rate of the liver blood cells and peripheral blood cells in the fetus, the rate of skeletal and external deformityies in 20 mg/kg group were increased (P<0.05). The rate of external deformity in 10 mg/kg group was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：There were teratogenicity and mutagenicity on the rat embryo treated with 20 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg molybdenum acid ammoniumsalts.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: DingLiJian capsule is a constituent of herbal medicine composed of ant powder compounded preparation. It was necessary to make toxicological assessment of DingLiJian capsule. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The acute toxicity in mice and rat, micronuclei test of bone marrow cell in mice, sperm shape abnormality test in mice and Ames test were used. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose(MTD) of rats and mice was more than 20.0 g/ kg, so the DingLiJian capsule belonged to non-toxic substance; the results of micronucleus test of bone marrow cell, sperm shape abnormallty test in mice and Ames test were negative. CONCLUSION: The DingLiJian capsule has no acute toxicity and abnormality.