BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To explore the effect of alcohol on the development of mouse visceral yolk sac (VYS) during organogenesis period, and the relationship to the teratogenicity of alcohol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 8.5 day CD-1 mouse embryos were cultured in vitro for 48 hours, with different alcohol concentrations of 0、1.0、 2.0 and 4.0 mg/ml. The developmental status of VYS and embryos were evaluated at the end of the culture. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was carried out to detect the histological alteration of VYS. Scanning and transmitting electron microscopy were performed to explore the ultrastructural alterations of endoderm cells of VYS. The expressions of a serial of vasculogenesis/angiogenesis related genes were detected with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: A dose-dependent toxicity to the development of VYS was abserved, including reduced yolk sac diameter, blood circulation, and protein and DNA contents. The hypogenesis of VYS agreed with the developmental retardation and malformations of the embryos. Pathological examination revealed that in the ethanol exposure groups, the endoderm layer of VYS was deranged and large intracellular vacuoles were found in the subapical area. Electron microscopy disclosed fewer microvilli and pinocytotic invaginations on the apical surface of endoderm cells. Signs of apoptosis were also found. The expressions of a series of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis related genes were detected with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Flk1 and Tie2 gene were repressed by ethanol, which may count for the disturbance of VYS blood vessel formation. Impaired structural and functional development of VYS may contribute to the teratogenic action of ethanol. CONCLUSION: Alcohol exposure in vitro can affect the development of mouse VYS, which may contribute to the teratogenic effect of alcohol.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To analyse the gene expression profiles in abnormal and normal developmental limbs of GD14 embryo mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A series of expression microarray analysis of abnormal limb were initiated by cDNA microarray which representing a set of 8 192 mice genes. RESULTS: By applying this cDNA microarray we identified 287 differentially expressed genes, among which 73 upregulated and 214 downregulated. CONCLUSION: cDNA microarray for analysis of gene expression patterns is a powerful method to identify teratogenicity-related gene. Further analysis of these differentially expressed genes will be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanism of teratogenicity.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM： To evaluate the correlation between the single nucleotide polymorphism of XRCC1 gene G28152A and the risk of lung cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS： A case-control study of 149 lung cancer patients and 157 control subjects (matched for sex,age) was conducted to investigate the role of G28152A in lung cancer. Genotyping was performed using PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism technique(PCR-RFLP). RESULTS： The frequency of AA allele in the case group(15.4 ％) was significantly higher than that in the control group(7.6 ％),with the OR for lung cancer being 2.2 (95 ％ CI 1.06～4.61). CONCLUSION： These findings support the hypothesis that the polymorphism of XRCC1 gene G28152A may do contribute to the risk of developing lung cancer.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To explore the influencing factors of nested deletions and find some methods to resolve interrelated problems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Alkaline lysis, purification by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit were used to prepare the plasmid pGLB-G6 carrying the 5'flanking region of NGAL gene to study the nonspecific degradation of Exonuclease(ExoⅢ), the best method of preparing the plasmid ,not susceptible to ExoⅢ, would be screened. ExoⅢ deletion reaction was generated at 22 ℃ and 37 ℃ respectively and the agarose gel was run to determine the extent of digestion. PCR amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion was used to identify deleted DNA fragments. RESULTS: The plasmid extracted by QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit is insusceptible to ExoⅢ and suitable for deletion reaction. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed that DNA fragments had not obviously shortened at 22 ℃, but at 37 ℃. Restriction endonuclease digestion is needed for further the identification of deleted DNA fragments. CONCLUSION: The quality of plasmid DNA is a crucial factor to generate specific deletion reactions of Exo III, the plamid extracted by QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit is satisfactory; setting a control of 37 ℃ may ensure deletion reactions have happened and by PCR amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion, real deleted DNA can be attained.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To study the oxidative damage and genotoxicity induced by 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone(MX) in mice, and to explore the possible mechanism of genotoxicity caused by MX. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mice were divided into four groups including solvent control group and three MX-treated groups (11, 33, 100 mg/kg). Test substances were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) and mice were sacrificed 3 hours after the treatment. DNA damage and malondialdehyde (MDA) in livers, kidneys and small intestines were examined using the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, comet assay) and test kit. RESULTS: It was observed that MX yielded significant increase in the DNA damage in small intestines of mice at all dosage and in liver and kidney of mice at higher dosage compared with the solvent control(P<0.01). The concentration of MDA in livers, kidneys and small intestines of mice in the highest MX-exposed groups were significantly higher than that in solvent control group (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between MDA and Olive tail moment in liver, kidney and small intestines. CONCLUSION: MX could induce obvious DNA damage and oxidative stress in multiple organs of mice. The cell oxidative damage might be one of the primary mechanisms of genotoxicity of MX.

BACKGROUND＆AIM: To study the effect of vitamin E succinat(VES) on the human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cell and the possible mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using cell culture in vitro, the effect of VES at the dose of 5,10 μg/ml were measured by MTT method for cell growth rate, by flow cytometry for cell cycle distribution, by spectrophotometer for enzyme activity, by western blotting for the expression of HSP70(heat shock protein 70). RESULTS: After treated with VES, SGC-7901 cells were led to growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, AKP, LDH activity suppressant. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the expression of HSP70 in SGC-7901 cells was markedly decreased. CONCLUSION: HSP70 is involved in VES induced growth inhibition and differentiation of SGC-7901 cells, and associate with cell cycle arrest.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To study oxidative injury of lung serum and liver in different time in mice after exposed to phosgene. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 40 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 mice in each.The mice in negative group were exposed to room air and the mice in positive group were exposed to 11.9 mg/L phosgene for 5 minutes,respectively. After 2 hours',4 hours',8 hours' exposure to phosgene,all mice were killed.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and reductive glutathione (GSH),activities of the total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) in lung,serum and liver were determined. RESULTS: With the time prolonged after the mice were poisoned , MDA content in lung, serum and liver significantly increased(P<0.05);T-SOD activity significantly increased in lung(P<0.05);GSH content significantly decreased in mice lung and liver in negative group compared with that of negative group 2 hours after phosgene exposed(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Phosgene can induce pulmonary edema and oxidative injury of lung serum and liver in mice.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to exoestrogens diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the development of gubernaculum testis in fetal mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty pregnant Kunming mice were divided into 6 groups randomly and administered subcutaneously from gestational day(GD) 9 though GD17 with DES at a dose of 25, 50, 100, 200 μg•kg－1•d－1 (all dissolved in 0.2 ml dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)) and with DMSO only(as control), normal saline alone (as normal control), respectively. Pregnant mice were sacrificed on GD19 and fetuses were quickly removed, the lower part of the male fetuses were fixed according to the need of study with light microscope, scanning and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: In experimental groups, gubernaculum testis seemed underdeveloped, with smaller volume and abnormal shape, and the bulbs lose clear demarcation between the inner mesenchymal core and muscular outerlayer, gubernaculum cells had some smaller disordered myofibrils, and few fibrils could be seen in myofibrils, there were only some sparse organelles in cytoplasm. All these results closely related to the dosage of DES. CONCLUSION: DES could induce underdevelopment of gubernaculum testis of fetal male mice with obvious dose-effect correlation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To explore the potential mechanisms of neural apoptosis induced by deltamethrin(DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: PC12 cells were respectively given with 10－4 mol/L, 10－5 mol/L and 10－6 mol/L deltamethrin. Fas, FasL and TNFR1 protein in PC12 cells were qualitatively determined by immunocytochemistry at 24 hours after deltamethrin treatment. Fas, FasL and TNFR1 protein were indirectly marked with fluorescein FITC and their relative contents(rate of positive cells ，RPC and mean fluorescence intensity,MFI) were quantitatively determined with flow cytometry , meanwhile apoptosis of PC12 cells was studied using flow cytometry with PI staining at 24 hours and 48 hours after deltamethrin treatment. RESULTS: Immunostaining for Fas, FasL and TNFR1 protein was found in the control and deltamethrin treatment PC12 cells. But the different expressions of these three proteins were not detected among the control and deltamethrin treatment PC12 cells. Twenty-four hours after deltametrin treatment, we discovered that Fas, FasL protein did not altered but TNFR1 protein increased in cells with 10－5 mol/L and 10－4 mol/L deltamethrin treatment(each MFI was 3.50±0.26,3.74±0.33) opposite to the control(MFI was 2.69±0.19)(P<0.05). Forty-eight hours after cells were exposed to deltematrin , Fas, FasL and TNFR1 protein increased only in cells with 10－4 mol/L deltamethrin treatment(each MFI was 42.85±8.4,37.91±1.65,8.09±1.83) opposite to their own control(each MFI was 29.37±3.07,29.71±0.68,5.30±0.33)(P<0.05). Compared with the control, the apoptotic ratio increased only when the cells were treated with 10－4 mol/L deltamethrin for 48 hours[(0.60± 0.08) ％ vs(2.62±1.37) ％]. And there are correlations between apoptotic ratio and DM，Fas，Fasl protein. CONCLUSIONS: Apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by deltamethrin maybe be mediated by death receptor Fas. 　　

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To examine the association between Ser326Cys polymorphism in hOGG1 gene, which is involved in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in damaged DNA, and investigate the risk of lung cancer in Chinese. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ser326Cys polymorphism in hOGG1 gene was determined by PCR-RFLP among 128 normal controls and 124 patients with lung cancer. The association between this genetic polymorphism and the risk of the cancer was examined by a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The Cys/Cys genotype of hOGG1 was found in 19.4 ％ of patients with lung cancer and in 10.2 ％ of the controls (P<0.05). Homozygosity for the Cys/Cys genotype significantly increased the risk of developing cancer, with the odds ratio adjusted for age, sex and smoking being 2.12 (95 ％CI=1.03～4.39). CONCLUSION: Polymorphism of hOGG1 Ser326Cys may play a role in lung carcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND＆ AIM: To study the inhibition of tumor cells by ethanol extract of Fomes fomentarius(EEF) both in vivo and in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS： The influence of EEF on HeLa cells was assayed by MTT method. The effect of EEF on the apoptosis of S180 cells was analysed by FCM. The effect of EEF on the extending rates of mice carrying S180 tumor was investigated. MDA contents of several principle issues were observed, after the mice were dealed with EEF. RESULTS: EEF had obvious inhibitory activity to HeLa cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner;could remarkably increase the apoptosis of S180 cells， the extending rates of mice carrying S180 tumor; MDA contents of liver, kindey were increased significantly,after the normal mice were treated by EEF. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of Fomes fomentarius has obvious inhibition on tumor cells.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: The carcinogenesis of the human cervical precancerous lesion,cervical carcinoma is known closely associated with human papillomavirus(HPV).The purpose of this study was is to identify whether Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV) and Cytomegalovirus(CMV) play a co-factor role in the carcinogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-one cases of various cervical lesions were analyzed by HPV6/11,HPV16/18 in situ hybridization. Meanwhile, HPV,HSV and CMV were determined in 103 cases of various cervical lesions. RESULTS: The results show that the distribution of positive hybridization signal was consistent with the distribution of koilocytes in HE stain. Of these cervical specimens investigated, the positive rates of HPV 16/18 and HPV6/11 using ISH were 51.1 ％ and 64.7 ％, respectively,the infection rates of HPV 16/18, HPV 6/11,HSV and CMV using PCR were 21 ％,4 ％,23 ％ and 0 ％,respectively. CONCLUSION: The co-operation effect of HPV and HSV might occur in the oncogenesis of human cervical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To explore the acting mechanism of HMGI-Y gene (high mobility group,a member of HMG family) in uterus myoma etiology through detecting its expression in cytogenetics and molecular genetics with uterus myoma specimen containing the sixth chromosome complex rearrangement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ①Preparing chromosome specimen of 50 cases uterus myoma and they were detected by cytogenetics analyzing method. They were divided into three experimental groups:the chromosome 6 aberration group, none aberration of the chromosome 6 group, normal chromosome group, calculating the proportion of each group;②mRNA expression of HMGI-Y gene in every group were detected by RT-PCR one step method;3.Protein expression of HMGI-Y gene in every group were detected by immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS: ①4 cases in chromosome aberration group, accounting for 8.0 ％(2.0 ％～19.0 ％);8 cases in none aberration group, accounting for 16.0 ％(7.0 ％～29.0 ％);39 cases in normal group,accounting for 76.0 ％.②RT-PCR one step method indicated that mRNA expression of HMGI-Y gene in the sixth chromosome aberration group is higher than that of two other groups markedly; ③immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that protein expression of HMGI-Y gene in the first group is higher than that of the latter groups evidently(P<0.01),there is no difference between them (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study illuminated that there was intimate relationship between aberration of the chromosome 6 and uterus myoma, it acted through regulating HMGI-Y gene expression.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM： To test the feasibility to use leukemic cell lines in the screening process for anticancerous drugs. MATERIAL AND METHODS：Human leukemic cell lines HL-60 and K562 were tested for their sensitivity to three known anticancerous drugs (Ara-c, DNR, Hom) and a new one (MTB). The drug sensitivity was assessed by four methods (survival cell count, 3H-TdR incorporation, 3H-UR incorporation and clone forming assay) and expressed in ED50. RESULTS: The curves of survival cell rate determined by the first three methods showed the sensitivity was well within the range of 10－2, approxi-mating to one another, while in the case of cloning method, the sensitivity was as high as 10－7. Besides , the survival cell rate of K562 was higher than that of HL-60. CONCLUSION：To use human leukemic cell lines as the target cell for anticancerous drug screening has the advantages that the laboratory procedures are relatively simple and the results are of better clinical significance.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM:The character of hair dye causing cancer and causing mutation are increasingly getting attention.With the reports and references about different malignancy in blood system caused by hair dye in ten years, give more explaination about the relativity between hair dye with malignancy of blood system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The report and references about malignancy in blood system in domestic and abroad. RESULTS: The reports of mutation character causing by permanence hair dye are variant in domestic and abroad. For the half-permanence hair dye, non-purification HCB1 is commonly considered having the character of causing mutation and cancer. After purification the character of causing mutation is greatly weaked, but the character of causing cancer have not changed. So non-purification of production is the reason of HCB1's character of causing mutation.HCB2 have the character of casuing mutation, but character of causing cancer can not be comfirmed. The paper report a case in which two different malignancy in blood system caused by hair dye occured in a patient. CONCLUSION: Using hair dye caused the rate of malignancy in blood system increasingly. 　　

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM: To study the character of tachyarrhythmias for the patients with chest cancer after operations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ECG examinations of 930 cases before and after chest operations were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The superventricular tachyarrhythmias(15.16 ％) is higher than ventricular tachyarrhythmias (1.4 ％)especially for patients with esophagus-cardiac cancer. The occurrence ratio of tachyarrhythmias of aged people(>60 years old)was higher than others. CONCLUSION: It is important to prevent and deal with superventricular tachyarrhythmias of the patients with chest caner after operations.

BACKGROUND ＆ AIM： To explore the clinical characterictics and the treatment and the factors affecting prognosis of male breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS： The clinical data of 40 cases of male breast cancer were reviewed retrospectively, to analyze the factors affecting prognosis. RESULTS： All cases were diagnosed by pathological examination after surgery. The 5 and 10 years survival rates were 65 ％ and 52.5 ％ for all patients respectively. The 5 and 10 years survival rates were 72.2 ％ and 71.4％ for patients undergone radical mastectomy and modifed radical surgery. The axillary lymph nodes metastasis rate was 62.5 ％. CONCLUSION： Male breast cancer has longer course than female, It is characterized by hormone dependent, high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. The optimal treatment for male breast cancer is modified radical mastectomy combined with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy.